Predictor variables | LCGA classes of 1117 patients classified | Univariate analyses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 2 versus Class 1 | ||||
Not improved | Improved | Low NRS | p value | OR | 95% CI of OR | Â | |
N | 226 | 578 | 313 | Â | Â | Lower | Upper |
Gender (female) | 30.1 | 42.2 | 43.1 | 0.002 | 0.589 | 0.424 | 0.818 |
Age, mean (SD) | 47.6 (14.4) | 47.4 (13.8) | 47.5 (12.2) | 0.845 | 0.999 | 0.988 | 1.010 |
Education (high vocational/ university) | 60.1 | 57.8 | 67.9 | 0.448 | 0.883 | 0.641 | 1.217 |
Radiating pain into the leg | 43.8 | 42.9 | 29.7 | 0.817 | 0.964 | 0.707 | 1.315 |
Radiating pins and needles | 31.0 | 28.0 | 22.7 | 0.407 | 0.932 | 0.788 | 1.102 |
Time since complaints 1st started | 11.6 (12.3) | 11.4 (12.2) | 11.4 (11.6) | 0.855 | 0.999 | 0.986 | 1.011 |
Duration of current episode (years) | 3.2 (6.2) | 1.9 (4.8) | 1.7 (3.6) | 0.003 | 0.958 | 0.932 | 0.986 |
SF-6D baseline score | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.73 (0.10) | 0.78 (0.10) | 0.523 | 0.613 | 0.137 | 2.746 |
ODI baseline score | 24.8 (15.8) | 26.4 (15.4) | 15.5 (12.7) | 0.525 | 1.004 | 0.992 | 1.015 |
Concomitant complaints present | 58.8 | 51.4 | 54.3 | 0.048 | 0.731 | 0.535 | 0.998 |
Pain avoidant | 73.5 | 73.6 | 62.1 | 0.938 | 0.986 | 0.697 | 1.397 |
Previous specialist visit | 52.2 | 64.2 | 69.3 | 0.002 | 1.640 | 1.201 | 2.240 |
Previous visit neurologist | 28.3 | 20.9 | 19.2 | 0.026 | 0.819 | 0.687 | 0.976 |
Previous visit orthopedic surgeon | 28.8 | 19.7 | 16.9 | 0.006 | 0.847 | 0.753 | 0.953 |
Previous visit rehabilitation | 7.1 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 0.255 | 0.912 | 0.779 | 1.068 |
Previous visit pain clinic | 8.8 | 8.5 | 5.4 | 0.866 | 0.991 | 0.888 | 1.105 |
Medication (categorical) | |||||||
 None (ref.) | 26.1 | 28.9 | 48.2 | 0.231 |  |  |  |
 Rarely | 23.9 | 24.6 | 24.3 | 0.738 | 0.929 | 0.603 | 1.430 |
 Regularly not daily | 35.4 | 28.4 | 20.8 | 0.113 | 0.724 | 0.486 | 1.080 |
 Daily | 14.6 | 18.2 | 6.7 | 0.640 | 1.124 | 0.688 | 1.837 |
Previous physiotherapy | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 72.6 | 63.5 | 60.4 | 0.037 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 3.1 | 5.9 | 10.5 | 0.069 | 2.170 | 0.943 | 4.998 |
 Not treated | 24.3 | 30.6 | 29.1 | 0.044 | 1.438 | 1.009 | 2.049 |
Previous manual therapy | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 35.4 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 0.066 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 4.9 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 0.112 | 1.795 | 0.873 | 3.692 |
 Not treated | 59.7 | 65.9 | 66.1 | 0.036 | 1.429 | 1.024 | 1.994 |
Previous chiropractic | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 20.4 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 0.003 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.165 | 2.036 | 0.746 | 5.563 |
 Not treated | 77.0 | 86.0 | 88.2 | 0.001 | 2.053 | 1.354 | 3.113 |
Previous medication | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 27.0 | 21.3 | 11.5 | 0.224 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 2.2 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 0.546 | 1.389 | 0.478 | 4.033 |
 Tot treated | 70.8 | 76.3 | 85.0 | 0.086 | 1.367 | 0.957 | 1.952 |
Previous pain clinic | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 10.2 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 0.152 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.787 | 1.278 | 0.216 | 7.548 |
 Not treated | 88.9 | 93.1 | 95.2 | 0.055 | 1.710 | 0.989 | 2.957 |
Previous surgery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 4.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.010 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 0.040 | 4.800 | 1.074 | 21.447 |
 Tot treated | 93.4 | 97.1 | 96.2 | 0.003 | 5.318 | 1.797 | 15.739 |
Previous other treatment | |||||||
 Treated no effect (ref.) | 19.5 | 15.6 | 17.3 | 0.369 |  |  |  |
 Treated effect | 4.0 | 3.5 | 7.0 | 0.851 | 1.086 | 0.457 | 2.581 |
 Not treated | 76.5 | 81.0 | 75.7 | 0.171 | 1.323 | 0.886 | 1.974 |
Work status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No work (ref.) | 31.4 | 21.1 | 17.9 | 0.005 |  |  |  |
 Not physical work | 48.2 | 51.4 | 58.1 | 0.013 | 1.586 | 1.100 | 2.286 |
 Physical work | 20.4 | 27.5 | 24.0 | 0.002 | 2.012 | 1.296 | 3.122 |
Type of treatment | |||||||
 Manual Medicine (MM, ref.) | 14.6 | 21.5 | 18.6 | 0.109 |  |  |  |
 Orthomanual Medicine (OMM) | 70.4 | 76.5 | 77.7 | 0.166 | 0.739 | 0.482 | 1.133 |
 Both MM and OMM | 2.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.058 | 0.284 | 0.078 | 1.042 |
 Other treatment | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 |  |  |  |  |
Number of treatment sessions | 3.7 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.6) | 0.121 | 0.925 | 0.839 | 1.021 |
McKenzie | 11.1 | 13.3 | 18.2 | 0.801 | 1.065 | 0.645 | 1.733 |
Treated.differently | 6.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 0.008 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |