Table 7 Summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) delivered to inanimate objects (e.g. human analogue manikins, instrumented tools) with no region specified (n = 6)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Author/s Year, Country | SM delivery Profession (n) | Experience | Recipient/s (n) | Location/s | Technique/s | Interface/s | Measurement equipment | Metrological data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inanimate objects | ||||||||
McCarthy et al. 2002, England45 | Clin Chiro (28) | Mixed | Tool (1) | L vertebra/tool | Superior-inferior | Clin-tool | Strain guage | No |
Perle & Kawchuk 2005, Canada52 | Clin Chiro (16) | > 5y | Rigid surface (1) | NR | Pisiform/hypothenar with or without arch in hand | Clin-tool | Pressure sensor | No |
Kawchuk et al. 2006, Canada42 | Clin Chiro (4) | NR | Force table/ plate (1) | Force mat | Hypothenar | Clin-tool | Load cell | No |
Colloca et al. 2009, USA12 | Clin Chiro (2) | NR | Tool (1) | NR | Toggle-torque-recoil | Clin-tool | Load cell | No |
DeVocht et al. 2013, USA19 | Clin & Stud Chiro (139) | Clin: NR Stud: NR | Tool (1) | Speeder board | Toggle recoil | Clin-tool | Force transducer | No |
Colloca et al. 2020, UK13 | Clin & Stud Chiro (53) | Clin: Mixed Stud: NR (3rd /5th y) | Force table/ plate (1) | NR | Toggle-torque-recoil | Clin-tool | Load cell | No |